The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer,
or "coat", of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some
molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the
visual world on the retina, which translates that image into electrical neural
impulses to the brain to create visual perception, the retina serving much the
same function as film or a CCD in a camera.
The retina consists of several layers of neurons
interconnected by synapses. The neural retina refers to the three layers of
neural cells (photo receptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells) within
the retina, which in its entirety comprises ten distinct layers, including an
outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells. The only neural cells that are
directly sensitive to light are the photoreceptor cells, which are of two
types: rods and cones. Rods function mainly in dim light and provide
black-and-white vision while cones are responsible for the perception of
colour. A third type of photoreceptor, the photosensitive ganglion cells, is
important for entrainment and reflexive responses to the brightness of light.
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